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enclosed helmet
The enclosed helmet,〔For use of terminology see Gravett, Plate D and p. 54〕 also termed a primitive great helm or early great helm, was a type of Western European helmet of the late 12th and early 13th century. It was the forerunner of the great helm.
==Development and characteristics==
The enclosed helmet covered the entire head, with full protection for the face and somewhat deeper coverage for the sides and back of the head than that found on previous types of helmets. It was developed near the end of 12th century and was largely superseded by the true great helm by c. 1240.〔Gravett, Plate D and p. 54〕 It is distinguishable from the great helm by a much greater depth to the face protection when compared to the depth of the helmet at the rear and sides.
It probably evolved from the nasal helmet, which had been produced in a flat-topped variant with a square profile by about 1180.〔Gravett, p. 17〕 The enclosed helmet was created by adding a face-protecting plate, pierced for sight and breathing, and by extending downwards the back and sides of a flat-topped helmet, to produce a cylindrical helm.〔Gravett, pp. 17 and 54〕 From the evidence of extant contemporary illustrations the face protection was added first, probably as an extension of the pre-existing nasal. Some German illustrations dating to around 1180 show a bar at the end of the nasal covering the mouth, if such a bar had been extended and curved back to the brow of the helmet, a forerunner of a full face-plate would have been created.〔Gravett, p. 17〕〔Nicolle (1988), Plate G, pp. 59 and 62〕
One of the earliest illustrations of a fully developed example of this type of helmet, with the addition of a fan-shaped crest, is depicted on the second Great Seal of Richard I of England dating to 1198.〔Gillingham, Plate facing p. 152〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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